巴音布鲁克山区人工增水效果评价

利用1982—2017年5—9月大山口水文资料及巴音布鲁克气象站气象资料,分析与巴音布鲁克山区降水密切相关的径流量、降水量以及相对湿润指数等指标,对巴音布鲁克山区人工增水业务进行效果评价。结果表明,在人工增水时期,开都河流域有90%概率月均径流量增量为3.01 m~3/s,增率为1.62%,统计显著性水平0.000 1;山区月均降水量增率为2.78%,显著性水平0.023 3;随着年际变化,巴音布鲁克山区相对湿润度指数总体呈增长趋势,且在人工增水时期,干旱程度取得了明显缓解。     

Policy options for Agriculture Green Development by farmers in China

Farmers are the key agents who manage land and water. Agriculture Green Development (AGD) requires a transformation in farming from high resource consumption and environmental cost to sustainable intensification with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental risk. This paper analyzes the public policy challenge of AGD and makes the case for a location-sensitive policy mix made up of regulation, advice provision, voluntarism and targeted incentives. The public agricultural extension service in China is a key resource, but one that requires reorientation and reform with the aim of better balancing high farm productivity with environmental protection.     

Towards the sustainable intensification of agriculture—a systems approach to policy formulation

The sustainable intensification of agriculture involves providing sufficient food and other ecosystem services without going beyond the limits of the earth’s system. Here a project management approach is suggested to help guide agricultural policy to deliver these objectives. The first step is to agree measurable outcomes, integrating formal policy goals with the often much less formal and much more diverse goals of individual farmers. The second step is to assess current performance. Ideally, this will involve the use of farm-scale metrics that can feed into process models that address social and environmental domains as well as production issues that can be benchmarked and upscaled to landscape and country. Some policy goals can be delivered by supporting ad hoc interventions, while others require the redesign of the farming system. A pipeline of research, knowledge and capacity building is needed to ensure the continuous increase in farm performance. System models can help prioritise policy interventions. Formal optimization of land use is only appropriate if the policy goals are clear, and the constraints understood. In practice, the best approach may depend on the scale of action that is required, and on the amount of resource and infrastructure available to generate, implement and manage policy.     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils by precision management

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions make up a significant part of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches to the mitigation of these emissions with emerging technology. In this short review four approaches to precision managements of agricultural systems are described based on examples of work being undertaken in the UK and New Zealand. They offer the opportunity for N₂O mitigation without any reduction in productivity. These approaches depend upon new sensor technology, modeling and spatial information with which to make management decisions and interventions that can both improve agricultural productivity and environmental protection.     

Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

江淮丘陵区多代炭用林林可持续经营能力研究

江淮丘陵地区位于亚热带向暖温带过渡区,冈峦起伏、气候温和,因雨熱不均、土壤浅薄,导致难以培育出高大挺拔的大径级木材,自然形成以短轮伐期经营为主导的炭用林,具有投资少、见效快、效益持久的优点。笔者拟通过对多代炭用林萌芽更新能力和成效的调查分析,探讨栓皮栎、枫香等几个乡土树种炭用林可持续经营的可行性,为退化炭用林生态修复和营建高效益炭用林提供参考。     

Investigation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in the lower Amu Darya River Basin,Central Asia

High water consumption and inefficient irrigation management in the agriculture sector of the middle and lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin(ADRB)have significantly influenced the gradual shrinking of the Aral Sea and its ecosystem.In this study,we investigated the crop water consumption in the growing seasons and the irrigation water requirement for different crop types in the lower ADRB during 2004–2017.We applied the FAO Penman–Monteith method to estimate reference evapotranspiration(ET0)based on daily climatic data collected from four meteorological stations.Crop evapotranspiration(ETc)of specific crop types was calculated by the crop coefficient.Then,we analyzed the net irrigation requirement(NIR)based on the effective precipitation with crop water requirements.The results indicated that the lowest monthly ET0 values in the lower ADRB were found in December(18.2 mm)and January(16.0 mm),and the highest monthly ET0 values were found in June and July,with similar values of 211.6 mm.The annual ETc reached to 887.2,1002.1,and 492.0 mm for cotton,rice,and wheat,respectively.The average regional NIR ranged from 514.9 to 715.0 mm in the 10 Irrigation System Management Organizations(UISs)in the study area,while the total required irrigation volume for the whole region ranged from 4.2×109 to 11.6×109 m3 during 2004–2017.The percentages of NIR in SIW(surface irrigation water)ranged from 46.4%to 65.2%during the study period,with the exceptions of the drought years of 2008 and 2011,in which there was a significantly less runoff in the Amu Darya River.This study provides an overview for local water authorities to achieve optimal regional water allocation in the study area.     

黔金丝猴（Rhinopithecus brelichi）雪季地表食物利用

2012年1月至3月，本研究采用粪便分析法对黔金丝猴冬季的食物利用进行了调查研究。结果表明在此期间黔金丝猴采食植物部位有嫩枝、树芽、叶片、花、树皮以及果实和种子，食物种类较多。其中，地表灌木层木姜子属（Litse asp．）的嫩枝是黔金丝猴取食较多的采食对象。本次研究也首次发现黔金丝猴食用地面上的四照花果实。我们推测黔金丝猴利用落地果实的现象可能是该物种对温带森林中高质量食物果实和种子利用最大化的一种适应。建议在温带灵长类生态行为研究中，加强对落地果实、矮小灌木和草本植物等猴群食源植物的监测，以期精确地探讨物种的食性以及对环境的适应。     

诚实信用原则及适用之我见

诚实信用原则是对民事主体的民事行为和经济活动所设定的道德底线,它首先是一个道德准则,经过法律技术化后成为民法的基本原则。当前我国实行的是社会主义市场经济体制,市场经济有效运行的基础,一方面是法律,一方面是道德,而诚实信用原则正是两者结合的典范。诚实信用原则在民事活动中的重要性虽然已经得到我国立法的肯定,但在我国当前的市场经济运行中并未受到应有的尊重,诚信的缺失已成为制约我国经济发展的障碍。笔者拟从有利于市场经济发展的目的出发,对诚实信用原则的内涵,地位、内容、适用、违反及其后果等方面做一详致的分析。